Showing posts with label algal symbionts. Show all posts
Showing posts with label algal symbionts. Show all posts

Friday, December 17, 2021

Pie-crust umbrella 'shrooms

 Another one from the forgotten files:

Log garden, Oyster Bay mini-forest.

Lichen agaric mushrooms, Lichenomphalia umbellifera, in a moss/lichen community growing in a well-rotted log. (I like the Latin name: "umbrella-shaped lichens with navels".)


Repeating a quote from last April, from the page on MycoWeb:

This small omphaloid mushroom is actually a lichen. The mycelium of Lichenomphalia umbellifera is symbiotically associated with the green alga Coccomyxa and forms tiny, granulose to globular bodies near the base of the agaric that were originally described as Botrydina vulgaris. Botrydina was considered a primitive lichen and has a complex arrangement of algal cells in a compact hyphal system.

 The other lichen growing here is one of the Cladonia pixie-cup lichens.

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Aquí hay otra de las fotos olvidadas en el archivo. Es una comunidad de organismos que viven en un tronco caído, ya casi desintegrado, en el bosquecito de Oyster Bay.

Los hongos son en verdad líquenes, la expresión como hongo de Lichenomphalia umbellifera. Me gusta el nombre scientífico, que significa "Líquen con ombligo y en forma de paraguas"

Copiando de un post en abril de este año, una cita de MycoWeb:

Este pequeño hongo "omphaloid" (con ombligo) es realmente un liquen. El micelio de Lichenomphalia umbellifera se asocia en simbiosis con el alga verde Coccomyxa y forma cuerpos miniaturos globulosos o en grano, cerca de la base del hongo, los cuales antes se nombraban Botrydina vulgaris. Botrydina se consideraba un liquen primitivo y tiene una organización compleja de células de alga en un sistema compacto de hifas.

El otro líquen que aquí crece es una de las Cladonias, las llamadas líquenes tazas de hadas. 

Thursday, April 01, 2021

When is a lichen not a lichen?

 Okay. I had forgotten about these mushrooms and their companions. Matt, of Sitka Nature, commented on my post about those little green balls, reminding me. He sent me a helpful link to MycoWeb. Thanks, Matt!

The green balls are algae, always associated with the mushroom Lichenomphalia umbellifera, those little mushrooms growing over the logs on the forest floor. I had mentioned them last November, looking at the mushrooms, but I described the algae as a "dark green, crumbly-looking growth".

Lichen agaric mushrooms with lichen, moss, and "dark green stuff".

Well, they're not crumbly; they're shiny, damp balls. And though they look dark green in the shady woods, under a light they may be yellow-green to bluish.

More mushrooms, lichen, dead leaves, red sorrel, and the green algae.

Under the microscope, green algae swarm over a baby moss.

From the page on MycoWeb:

This small omphaloid mushroom is actually a lichen. The mycelium of Lichenomphalia umbellifera is symbiotically associated with the green alga Coccomyxa and forms tiny, granulose to globular bodies near the base of the agaric that were originally described as Botrydina vulgaris. Botrydina was considered a primitive lichen and has a complex arrangement of algal cells in a compact hyphal system.

A lichen is not one organism. It combines two or three different species. Usually, they combine so that they appear to be one thing, like the Cladonia in the photos above.

A lichen is not a single organism. Rather, it is a symbiosis between different organisms - a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium. Cyanobacteria are sometimes still referred to as 'blue-green algae', though they are quite distinct from the algae. The non-fungal partner contains chlorophyll and is called the photobiont. The fungal partner may be referred to as the mycobiont. (Australian National Herbarium)

This combination, the mushroom and the algae break the rules; they grow together, but each keeps their own form. The alga, Coccomyxa, (which describes them in the scientific notation as "Cocco" - seed, and "myxa" - mucus, referring to their shape and texture) grows near, or at the base of the mushrooms, on rotting wood or damp soil. Because they contain chlorophyll, they capture sunlight, even down there in their dark hideouts, producing nutrients for the other half of the partnership.

While I was looking at the algae and lichens under the microscope, I discovered a lively collection of critters.


Spider, running. She kept dashing across my field, always in a great hurry. The pale green lobes are squamules of Cladonia lichens.

Little black mite. There were many of these.

And a pretty little springtail, Entomobria sp.. Many of these, too, all very busy.

I took their moss and lichen outside to a shady corner of my garden. I hope they like it there.

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Bueno. Se me había olvidado este hongo y sus compañeros. Matt, el dueño de Sitka Nature, puso un comentario en mi último post sobre esas pelotitas verdes; una gran ayuda, por cierto. Me envió un enlace para el sitio MycoWeb. ¡Gracias, Matt!

Las pelotitas sí son algas y siempre crecen en relación con el hongo Lichenomphalia umbellifera, esos honguitos que crecen en los troncos podridos en el suelo del bosque. Las había mencionado el noviembre pasado, viendo los hongos, pero describí el alga como "de un verde oscuro, friable".

Pues no son friables; son pelotitas brillosas, húmedas. Y aunque parecen de un color oscuro allí en las sombras del bosque, bajo la luz resulta que pueden ser amarillentas, verde claro, o hasta azul.

Primera y segunda fotos, los hongos, con líquenes Cladonia y el alga.

Tercera foto: bajo el microscopio, las algas cubren un musgo nuevecito.

De la página de MycoWeb:

Este pequeño hongo "omphaloid" (con ombligo) es realmente un liquen. El micelio de Lichenomphalia umbellifera se asocia en simbiosis con el alga verde Coccomyxa y forma cuerpos miniaturos globulosos o en grano, cerca de la base del hongo, los cuales antes se nombraban Botrydina vulgaris. Botrydina se consideraba un liquen primitivo y tiene una organización compleja de células de alga en un sistema compacto de hifas.

Un liquen no es un solo organismo. Lleva en combinación dos o tres diferentes especies. Casi siempre, se unen de forma que aparecen ser una cosa, como por ejemplo, los líquenes Cladonia de las fotos.

Del Herbario Nacional de Australia: 

Un liquen no es un organismo. En cambio, forma un simbiosis entre organismos diferentes — un hongo y un alga o una cianobacteria. A las cianobacterias todavía se les nombra a veces como algas verde azuladas, aunque son bastante diferentes de las algas. La pareja que no es hongo contiene clorofila y se llama el fotobionte. El hongo se puede llamar el micobionte.

Esta combinación particular, deshecha las reglas. Crecen juntos, pero cada organismo mantiene su propia forma. El alga, (que se describe en su nombre científico como "Cocco" es decir, semilla o frutilla, y "myxa", que quiere decir moco, refiriéndose a su forma y textura) crece cerca de la base del hongo en madera podrida o tierra húmeda. Porque contienen clorofila, se aprovechan de la luz del sol, aun aquí en sus escondites oscuros en en fondo del bosque y proveen los nutrientes que usa el hongo.

Mientras miraba los líquenes y las algas bajo el microscopio, aparecieron varios animalitos bastante activos.

Cuarta foto: una ar­aña, corriendo. Los lóbulos de verde claro son las escamas del liquen Cladonia.

Quinta foto: un ácaro negro, brilloso. Había muchos de estos.

Sexta foto: una brincacola Entomobria sp. También había varias, todas muy ocupadas.

Al final, llevé los líquenes con su carga de bichitos a una esquina sombreada de mi jardín. Ojalá la encuentran cómoda.


Tuesday, February 27, 2018

Under a glaring sun

Where the intertidal flats are mostly flat slabs of sandstone, critters that usually hide in the sand under rocks when the water recedes, quickly burrowing deeper when their rocks are flipped, either just put up with unfiltered sunlight, or cling tightly to the underside of what few stones are available. There's nowhere to run.

A half-dozen hermit crabs and a Wosnesenski's isopod struggle to stay in the shade of a trio of mussels. I replaced their stone roof gently where I found it.

The sand is a thin dusting on the sandstone. There's no shelter for the critters that can't run and hide elsewhere.The anemones here are under about a half-inch of water.

The green algae, the red seaweed, and the anemones don't mind the sunlight. Even at full tide, they're exposed to it, just slightly shaded by the clear water.
This green algae is probably the same one that pollutes my aquarium, always growing first on the walls closest to the light. The pink-tipped green anemones also benefit from sunlight; they do not photosynthesize, being animals, but carry symbiotic algae in their tissues; these algae produce enough food for themselves and some over for the anemone that hosts them.

Saturday, February 03, 2018

Fading to yellow

Pink-tipped green anemone in winter colours.

Anthopleura elegantissima

Out on the shore, these anemones are green, with pink or very pink tips. In the tank, and especially over winter, they gradually lose the green algae that give them their colour. These algae need sunlight to grow. Indoors, there are only a few hours of filtered sunlight; in winter, in my apartment, they get only artificial light.

Most are olive to bright green (depending on the species of algal symbionts present) with tentacles tipped in pink. Individuals that live in microhabitats that are deficient in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), such as under docks or in caves, lack symbionts and are pale yellow to white in color. (Wikipedia)

The anemones on our shores are a very bright green, unless they're hiding under deep rock overhangs.

Anemones, Edgewater beach, 2009

From a paper referenced in this Wikipedia post: " ... anemones display phototactic behavior and may  move to regions of the cave that produce the best physiological fit between host and symbiont species." (David Secord, 2005)

This may possibly hint at the reason all of the pink-tipped green anemones in my tank congregate along the front wall, where the light is stronger.

The internal algae, busily converting sunlight and carbon to carbohydrates, provide oxygen to the anemone hosts as a by-product. Without this, the anemones survive, but do not reproduce as quickly. However, in my tank, a year ago, there were 5 of these anemones. I counted this afternoon; now there are 19, and one is busy splitting in two, to make it 20.

Morning sunlight should be arriving at their window sometime in April. If it's strong enough (I may re-direct it with a mirror to be sure), some of the green colour may return.

Looking again at the first photo, I am reminded that a powdery green algae grows everywhere in the tank, on walls, shells, even on hermit crab carapaces. But not inside the anemones; it's obviously not the correct species. And it likes artificial light.

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