Staying put

The rock dwellers. Not those that live under the rocks, but the brave critters that glue themselves to the rock face, daring the sun to scorch them, freezing or baking winds to sand-blast them. Oysters and barnacles and mussels, and slow-moving limpets. And a few friends.

Oysters, seeming to be part of the rock itself, mussels, barnacles and a  few limpets. And rockweed  and the encrusting stage of a red alga. And one lonely whelk.

One oyster. Note the squeezed-out oyster glue around the bottom of the shell.

Barnacles, the large Thatched Acorn barnacle, Semibalanus cariosus,  and smaller Common Acorn barnacles, Balanus glandulus.

A group of those large barnacles.

An oyster, stuck to its rock, is almost impossible to detach. A barnacle, not so much, although pulling one off kills it, since the base remains on the rock. What is the difference between those two glues, I asked.

(I looked at oyster glue 2 years ago, here.)

Barnacle glue is organic, so is mussel glue. Oyster glue is 90% inorganic. Like the rock itself.

The oyster cement appears to be harder than the substances mussels and barnacles use for sticking to rocks. ... The adhesives produced by mussels and barnacles are mostly made of proteins, but oyster adhesive is about 90 percent calcium carbonate, or chalk. On its own, chalk is not sticky. So the key to oyster adhesion may be a unique combination of this hard, inorganic component with the remaining 10 percent of the material that is protein. (Purdue University) (From my previous post)

Barnacle glues come in two stages.

First stage, as the free-swimming cyprid (baby barnacle) walks around looking for a permanent home:

First, the cyprid releases a temporary adhesive (footprint) for reversible adhesion during surface exploration. (FrontiersInMarineScience)

Barnacle glue has a different chemistry with adhesive protein suspended in an oil-rich lipid matrix. This matrix cleans contaminants from the surface, enabling barnacles to attach to rocks, other sea creatures, ships etc. (asknature)

During surface exploration, the two attachment discs attach and detach from the surface alternatively, allowing the cyprid to “walk” bipedally on the surface. Simultaneously, the cyprid is capable of precisely sensing the biochemical, physicochemical, and topological characteristics of the substrate using an array of antennular setae and chooses to either settle or leave.(Frontiers) 

Then, once a good homestead has been found:

Second, the cyprid produces a permanent adhesive (cyprid cement) for colonization on a suitable site. (Frontiers)

This adult glue is 90% protein. (Compare to the oyster's glue, at 10%.) It has an adhesive strength of 22 - 60 pounds per sq. inch.

Mussels, barnacles, oysters.

So, what about mussel glue? They are almost as hard to remove as barnacles. But they have a different strategy; they tie themselves down with thread. Byssal threads, hair-thin, flexible strands of protein with glue at the tip.

Before it makes byssal threads, a mussel’s foot snakes out of its shell, probing for a suitable place to stick. When the foot is ready to attach, it secretes a series of liquid proteins in a specific sequence, which quickly solidify. Some, mostly collagen (the same protein that makes skin stretchy), become the thin but strong thread itself. Others form a hard protective coating around both the plaque and thread. And just a few of the proteins are adhesive and form the anchoring plaque. (AskNature)

Like the house-hunting barnacles, the mussels use their sticky threads to stroll about. I have watched them in my aquarium; they stretch out a foot, glue a byssal thread down, then shrink back down into the shell, which pulls them close to the attachment point. Stretch out again, send out another thread, glue it down, release the first glued-down thread, and pull. It works. They can work up as much speed as a snail.

Mussel on the aquarium wall, sending out byssal threads, with the fuzzy attachment plaques. Oct. 2022.

To tie themselves down permanently, they send out many threads, intertangling them with those of neighbouring mussels, which gives the bond a strength that can withstand any amount of pounding by waves and even some attacks by predators.

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Los habitantes de las rocas. No los que vive debajo de las rocas, sino los valientes que se adhieren a la faz de la roca, donde los rayos del sol los queman, donde vientos, sea helados o ardientes, los atacan con chorros de arena. Los ostiones, los bálanos, los mejillones, y las lapas, que se mueven tan lentamente.  

    1. Ostiones que parecen haberse integrado a la roca, mejillones, bálanos, y unas pocas lapas. También hay algas pardas, Fucus sp., y la etapa encrustante de un alga roja. 

    2. Un ostión. Se ve un poco del adhesivo alrededor de la base.

    3. Bálanos; Semibalanus cariosus (grande) y Balanus glandulas (chicos)

    4. Un grupo de los bálanos grandes.

Un ostión adherido a su roca es casi imposible de despegar. El bálano, no tanto, aunque separar uno de la roca lo mata, ya que la base permanece en su sitio. ¿Y qué distingue un adhesivo del otro?

(Escribí sobre el cemento de los ostiones hace 2 años, aquí.)

El adhesivo que usan los bálanos es orgánico; también lo es el de los mejillones. El cemento de los ostiones tiene 90% de materia inorgánico, como la roca misma.

El pegamento de los ostiones parece ser más duro que las sustancias que usan los mejillones y bálanos para adherirse a las rocas — dijo. — Los adhesivos producidos por los mejillones y bálanos se componen principalmente de proteínas, pero el pegamento de los ostiones es aproximadamente el 90 por ciento carbonato de calcio, o sea caliza. De por sí, la caliza no es pegajosa. Por lo tanto, la clave que explica la adhesión de los ostiones puede ser una combinación única de esta sustancia dura, inorgánica con el otro 10 por ciento del material que es proteína. (Purdue University)

Los pegamentos de los bálanos son de dos tipos, producidos en dos etapas.

La primera etapa, mientras la larva cipris, un nadador activo, anda (caminando sobre dos "patas") buscando un hogar permanente:

Primeramente, la larva cipris produce un adhesivo temporal (huella) para hacer una adhesión reversible durante la exploración de la superficie. (FrontiersInMarineScience)

El adhesivo de los bálanos tiene una química distinta, con proteina adhesiva suspendida en   una matriz de lípidos. Esta matriz limpia la superficie, quitando sustancias contaminantes, y permitiendo que los bálanos se fijen en las rocas, o en otras criaturas marinas, barcos, etc. (asknature)

Durante la exploración de la superficie, los dos discos adhesivos se adhieren y se separan de la superficie de forma alternativa, permitiendo que la larva cipris "camine" como con dos "patas" sobre la superficie. Al mismo tiempo, la larva cipris puede percibir las características bioquímicas, fisioquímicas, y topológicas del sustrato, usando un conjunto de setas y antenas, y decidir o fijarse o irse.(Frontiers) 

Y cuando se ha descubierto un buen sitio para establecerse:

En segundo lugar, la larva cipris produce un adhesivo permanente (cemento cíprido) para colonizar el sitio apropriado. (Frontiers)

Este cemento del bálano adulto tiene un 90% de proteina. (Comparando: el cemento del ostión tiene solo 10%.) Tiene una fuerza adhesiva de 22 a 60 libras por pulgada cuadrada.

    5. Mejillones, bálanos, y ostiones.

¿Y el adhesivo de los mejillones? ¿De qué consiste? Son casi tan difíciles de despegar como lo son los bálanos. Pero su estrategia es distinta: se atan a la roca con hilos. Bisos, se llaman; fibras finas, flexibles, hechas de proteina y con una placa adhesiva en el extremo. 

Antes de hacer bisos, el pie del mejillón se extiende fuera de la concha, buscando un sitio adecuado donde se puede adherir. Cuando el pie está listo, segrega una serie de proteinas líquidas en una secuencia específica, las cuales se endurecen rapidamente. Algunas, por la mayor parte colágenos (la proteina que hace elástico nuestra piel) forman el hilo delgado pero fuerte. otras hacen una capa protectora y dura que cubre tanto el hilo y la placa.U unas pocas de las proteinas son adhesivas y forman la placa que sirve de ancla. (AskNature)

Como los bálanos en busca de terreno, los mejillones usan los bisos pegajosos para caminar. Los he observado en mi acuario; estiran el pie, fijan un biso en el sustrato, y luego se encogen, retrayendo el pie hasta la concha. Esto tiene el efecto de jalar el animal hacia el punto donde se fijó el biso. Otra vez estiran el pie, extienden otro biso y lo fijan. Sueltan el primer biso  de donde lo adherieron y se encogen de nuevo. ...  Funciona. Pueden "caminar" así tan rápido como los caracoles.

    6. Un mejillón el el vidrio del acuario, extendiendo sus bisos, con las placas adhesivas.

Para atarse permanentemente, producen muchos bisos y los enredan con los bisos de sus vecinos, lo que crea un vínculo que puede aguantar cualquier fuerza de olas y hasta algunos ataques de predadores.

Barnacle spirit

You never know what to expect in a tank full of critters. I was watching barnacles catching dinner, when one, or rather its ghost, came out into the open.

Thatched acorn barnacle. In life, the cirri are black.

It swayed in the current for a few minutes, then the rest of the body bubbled out.

The long, thick appendage is the barnacle's penis. When the barnacle is searching for a mate, it extends to 8 times the body length. An obvious solution to the problem of being glued in place.

Soon, the entire body floated free. Before a hermit or crab caught it, I fished it out and photographed it on a wet black background.

The long cirri (feathery tentacles) are the legs the barnacle fishes with. I'm not sure of the function of those shorter feathers. Near the base of the penis, the ridging is visible. Muscle tissue, maybe?

Another view, showing the entire body. The head end is on the left; in life, it stays cemented to the floor of the barnacle casing.

Crunchies

The sandstone shore around the glacial erratic I visited last week, exposed at mid-tide, is densely populated by large barnacles. Millions of them; billions, maybe.

Thatched acorn barnacles*; one small patch.

I felt guilty, walking across this beach: crunch, crunch: at every step I could hear breaking shells. I tried to find spots with no barnacles to put my feet down, but there were few.

At one point, I turned and examined the barnacle I had just stepped on. There it stood, undisturbed, solid as ever. How strong are those shells? I think, possibly, the crunches I heard were dead, empty shells; they seem easy to break, from the right angle. More experiments are needed.

Stone formation, with barnacles, oysters, gull and more.

Farther down the beach, below the erratic, a few slabs of stone stood like a fence against the waves. Here, I found more barnacles, and a scattering of oysters, each one firmly cemented to the rock. The dark green stuff is rockweed.

More than meets the eye.

All across this plain, and crammed into every niche in the rocks, tiny critters go about their business, dwarfed by the barnacles. Looking closely, I found hundreds of pinhead snails. (But when I brought a handful home, most of them contained miniature orange-legged hermit crabs.) In the photo above, only one hermit crab is identifiable, but most of the blue-black snails are probably hermits, too. In the lower third, left of centre, a yellow patch is made up of whelk egg cases. And here and there, limpets try to blend into the rock.

Empty barnacle shell and black rock algae.

I brought home a few barnacles to clean my tank and feed my barnacle-loving snails. Checking them over before I added them to the aquarium, I found several healthy flatworms. No matter how strong a barnacle shell may be, these worms can slither through the cracks between plates, kill and eat the barnacle inside. Some flatworms may even eat the oysters.

*Barnacles may be hard to identify, but the thatched acorn has a black feeding foot. The barnacles that came home with me all have black cirri.

Looks yummy

Supper is being served ...

Thatched acorn barnacle, Semibalanus cariosus and floating prey

Feathery cirri, spotted palps

A few weeks ago, I noticed that several of the hermit crabs in my tank had paired up, with bigger males hauling around their chosen girlfriends. So this week, I've been examining all the larger females, looking to see if they are carrying eggs. It seems to be too early to be sure; there are a couple of maybes.

Meanwhile, I took photos of several of the other tank residents. Here are two of the large thatched acorn barnacles, trolling for plankton.

The thatched acorn barnacle has black cirri.

This one houses several worms in its shell.

These tiny three-sectioned tubeworms show up in the sand, and in many of the assorted shells in the tank, including in those occupied by hermit crabs. In the sand, up against the glass wall, I can see the tiny worm; otherwise, all that I see are these two long palps. I don't know if the spots - I've never noticed them on other worms - are bits of material the worm is rejecting, or actual palp markings. I'll be watching for them in future.