What a difference a change of season makes! Even here, with our mild climate, winter and summer. Walking in mixed woods, down a trail I last saw in the winter; a heavily-logged off area, in recovery, with young trees; I was hard put to find landmarks I had noticed before. Back then, the light was greyish; the deciduous trees, mostly alders, were bare and everything overhead was outlined in black and white. The ground, though, was green with moss and the evergreen Oregon grapes. Ghostly green lichens covered damp stumps.
Now, in the summer, the colours are reversed. The green is overhead; the sunlight looks yellow and highlights every branch. But on the ground, I looked and looked for the stumps I had photographed in the winter. I think I found one. Can't be sure. All the stumps are brown and dry now; so is the moss, shrivelled and crispy-looking. The Oregon grapes stay the same.
A healthy forest includes a mix of living and dead trees; in an older forest, the dead trees lie on the ground (mostly), rotting away, providing nutrients for their kin, and for the shrubbery in the understory, the mosses and lichens and fungi. Here, in this young forest, the dead alders, still barely sticks, are still upright, but fall over with a gentle push. The branches that cross the path are easily snapped off. The evergreens are tougher material; tangles of dead branches line the trunks, but far overhead, there are still green needles.
Some of the dead or dying pines wear marble- to golf ball-sized hard lumps.
Western gall rust, Endocromartium harknessii on Lodgepole pine. |
These lumps are caused by a fungal infection that affects pines. The spores are yellow, produced in the spring. These ones are old, spent. I brought a couple home; they're hard as stones, and I wasn't able to cut them open. Maybe if I'd slammed them with a big hammer they would have shattered, but I was looking to see if they had harboured larvae, and that would have destroyed their tunnels and exit holes. As it was, though, there were no exit holes, and on FieldNaturalists of Van.I, they identified them as the gall rust; no larvae needed.
Gall formation is typically not detrimental to old trees, but has been known to kill younger, less stable saplings. (Wikipedia)
Moss and scars on alder trunks. |
A mushroom sprouting from a punk wood log at the bottom of a ravine. |
And nearby, in the shade, a trillium ripening its seed. |
"La formación de agallas típicamente no daña a árboles maduros, pero se ha visto que matara a los arbolitos juveniles, aun menos fuertes." (Wikipedia)
- Musgos y cicatrices sobre el tronco de un aliso.
- Un hongo creciendo en madera bien podrida, al fondo de un pequeño barranco.
- Y a su lado, un trillium madurando sus semillas.
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